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Publicado el 11/09/2007 a 10:55
Por tamoxifen
Now click here to order Tamoxifen pills. Only one click away!!! 100% proved and guaranteed results!!! 
Tamoxifen is the oldest of all the SERMs (Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators). Tamoxifen is prescribed for women with hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer before and after menopause. While tamoxifen is the hormonal treatment of choice for pre-menopausal women, research suggests that tamoxifen is not quite as effective as the aromatase inhibitors for post-menopausal women. Tamoxifen is used to reduce the risk of breast cancer for women who: - are at high risk of breast cancer but have no personal history of the disease, or
- have non-invasive, hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer, or DCIS (ductal carcinoma in situ), or
- have hormone-receptor-positive invasive breast cancer at any stage.
Tamoxifen is taken for up to five years. But women with advanced (metastatic) disease can continue taking tamoxifen as long as it is working well. Tamoxifen has very weak estrogen activity. When you take tamoxifen, it passes into your bloodstream, joining all kinds of hormones, nutrients, oxygen, and other molecules as it circulates through the tissues of your body. If breast cancer cells are present, tamoxifen flows around them as well. If these cancer cells have estrogen receptors (about two-thirds do), tamoxifen slips into the receptor "locks," filling up a space that would normally be taken by the body's natural estrogen.  Cell with estrogen receptors blocked by tamoxifen and helper proteins. A Estrogen receptor B Tamoxifen C Estrogen helper proteins D Tamoxifen helper proteins E Nucleus F DNA genetic material Because tamoxifen is such a weak estrogen, its estrogen signals don't stimulate very much cell growth. And because it has stolen the place away from more powerful estrogen, it blocks estrogen-stimulated cancer cell growth. In this way, tamoxifen acts like an "anti-estrogen." Tamoxifen may also take the place of natural estrogen in the receptors of healthy breast cells. In that way it holds down growth activity, and possibly stops abnormal growth and the development of a totally new breast cancer. By blocking natural estrogen from getting to the receptors, tamoxifen is helpful in reducing the risk of breast cancer in women at high risk who have never had breast cancer. It also can help women who have already had breast cancer in one breast by lowering the risk of a new breast cancer forming in the other breast. For pre-menopausal women, tamoxifen is the best hormonal therapy. But tamoxifen is no longer the first choice for post-menopausal women. If you've been on tamoxifen for two to three years and now you're in menopause, your doctor may recommend that you switch to an aromatase inhibitor to finish your five years of hormonal therapy. However, you can still get a lot of benefit if you take tamoxifen for up to five years and then switch to an aromatase inhibitor. Over the years, it's important for you to be checked regularly so that you and your doctor can re-evaluate how the drug's potential benefits and side effects. Tamoxifen plus other treatmentsHormonal therapy doesn't replace other forms of treatment. The value of each treatment adds up to give you a better overall benefit. Hormonal therapy may be recommended on its own or in addition to chemotherapy or radiation therapy (but not at the same time as chemotherapy). One study found that radiation plus tamoxifen was much better than tamoxifen alone at reducing the risk of breast cancer coming back after a lumpectomy in women with hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer. This was true even for women with very small cancers (less than one centimeter). Another study showed similar results for women with very small cancers with no lymph node involvement. This means it's important to have radiation treatment after a lumpectomy, even if you have a very small cancer and are taking tamoxifen or other hormonal therapy. How the benefits of tamoxifen and chemotherapy add up depends on your individual situation. In general, for women with hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer, hormonal therapy is more powerful than chemotherapy. But chemotherapy can also be very helpful if you have a high risk of the cancer coming back. For example, if you have lymph node involvement, you may want to take both forms of treatment to get your risk as low as possible. Expert Quote"Breast cancer cells can grow only if you feed them normal estrogen, which is like 'sirloin steak.' Taking tamoxifen is like feeding them watery soup." —Lisa Weissmann, M.D.
One study found that tamoxifen AND chemotherapy improved survival rates by about 40–50% compared to taking one treatment or the other. (Again, tamoxifen and chemotherapy are not given at the same time.) However, another study found that chemotherapy plus hormonal therapy was no better than hormonal therapy alone for women with hormone-receptor-positive cancers that had not spread to their lymph nodes. This was especially true for women age 40 or older. The benefits of two hormonal therapies, tamoxifen and Zoladex (chemical name: goserelin), together are the same as the benefit as CMF (cytoxan, methotrexate, 5-FU) chemotherapy in pre-menopausal women. (Zoladex shuts down the ovaries so that estrogen production stops.) Should you consider chemotherapy if the breast cancer has not spread to your lymph nodes? If you've been diagnosed with lymph node–negative invasive breast cancer that is hormone-receptor-positive, chemotherapy may not add much benefit above and beyond hormonal therapy. Plus, side effects of chemotherapy tend to be more difficult to handle than those of hormonal therapy. To help figure out whether chemotherapy might or might not add benefit, you could consider having a test, called Oncotype DX. The test is available for women who have hormone-receptor-positive, node-negative breast cancer. Ask your doctor if this test might be helpful in your situation, and if she or he can help get the cost (about $3,200) covered by your health insurance. ANY further reduction of risk may seem worthwhile to you. Many women feel that they want to do anything and everything to keep lowering their risk. When tamoxifen stops workingOver time, tamoxifen may lose its anti-estrogen powers. It may end up having no effect that can be measured or seen on the breast cells. It may even start working like a real estrogen, and begin stimulating breast cell growth instead of decreasing it. How does this happen? The estrogen receptors' size, shape, consistency, or function may change, so tamoxifen doesn't fit into the receptors the way it used to. Or maybe the other molecules that help tamoxifen do its job start to "slack off" or even work the opposite way. Some women may have a breast cancer that is made up of different kinds of cells, some receptor-positive and others receptor-negative. Within the same cancer, some cells may respond to tamoxifen and some cells may not. If you are post-menopausal and have been on tamoxifen for two or three years and it has stopped working, your doctor will probably switch you to an aromatase inhibitor. You can then continue taking the aromatase inhibitor for a total of five years of hormonal therapy.
Publicado el 11/09/2007 a 10:52
Por tamoxifen
Now click here to order Tamoxifen pills. Only one click away!!! 100% proved and guaranteed results!!!
is an orally active selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) which is used in the treatment of breast cancer and is currently the world's largest selling drug for this indication. Tamoxifen was discovered by ICI Pharmaceuticals[1] (now AstraZeneca) and is sold under the trade names Nolvadex,® Istubal,® and Valodex.® However the drug, even before its patent expiration, was and still is widely referred to by its generic name tamoxifen. //
Uses
Breast cancer treatment Tamoxifen is currently used for the treatment of both early and advanced ER+ breast cancer in pre- and post-menopausal women.[2] It is also approved by the FDA for the prevention of breast cancer in women at high risk of developing the disease.[3] It has been further approved for the reduction of contralateral (in the opposite breast) breast cancer. At the conclusion of the large STAR clinical study, it was reported in 2006 that raloxifene is equally effective in reducing the incidence of breast cancer, but caused fewer side effects (e.g., endometrial cancer).[4][5] The large ATAC (Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination) trial showed that the group that received anastrozole had significantly better clinical results after five years than the tamoxifen group. The trial suggested that anastrozole is the preferred medical therapy for postmenopausal women with localized breast cancer that is estrogen receptor positive.[6]
Other uses Tamoxifen is used to treat infertility in women with anovulatory disorders. A dose of 10–40 mg per day is administered in days 3–7 of a woman's cycle.[7] In addition, a rare condition occasionally treated with tamoxifen is retroperitoneal fibrosis.[8] In men, tamoxifen is sometimes used to treat gynecomastia which arises for example as a side effect of antiandrogen prostate cancer treatment.[9] Tamoxifen is also used illicitly by bodybuilders to prevent or reduce drug-induced gynecomastia caused by the estrogenic metabolites of anabolic steroids.[10] Tamoxifen is also sometimes used to treat or prevent gynecomastia in sex offenders undergoing treatment by temporary chemical castration.[11] Finally tamoxifen is used as a research tool to trigger tissue selective gene expression in genetically modified animals using the Cre-Lox recombination technique.[12] ] Mechanism Tamoxifen itself is a prodrug, having very little affinity for its target protein, the estrogen receptor. It must first be metabolized in the liver by the cytochrome P450 isoform CYP2D6 into the active metabolites 4-hydroxytamoxifen and des-N-methyl-4-hydroxytamoxifen (endoxifen).[13] These active metabolites compete with estrogen in the body for binding to the estrogen receptor. In breast tissue, 4-hydroxytamoxifen acts as an antagonist so that transcription of estrogen-responsive genes is inhibited.[14]
Side effects Tamoxifen is a selective estrogen receptor modulator.[15] Even though it is an antagonist in breast tissue it acts as partial agonist on the endometrium and has been linked to endometrial cancer in some women. Therefore endometrial changes, including cancer, are among tamoxifen's side effects.[16] For some women, tamoxifen can cause a rapid increase in triglyceride concentration in the blood. In addition there is an increased risk of thromboembolism especially during and immediately after major surgery or periods of immobility.[17] Tamoxifen is also a cause of fatty liver, otherwise known as steatorrhoeic hepatosis or steatosis hepatis.[18] A significant number of tamoxifen treated breast cancer patients experience a reduction of libido.[19][20] A beneficial side effect of tamoxifen is that behaves as an agonist in bone, preventing bone loss by inhibiting osteoclasts, and therefore it prevents osteoporosis. When tamoxifen was launched as a drug, it was thought that tamoxifen would act as an estrogen receptor antagonist in all tissue, including bone, and therefore it was feared that it would contribute to osteoporosis. It was therefore very surprising that the opposite effect was observed clinically. Hence tamoxifen's tissue selective action directly lead to the formulation of the concept of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs).[21] Pharmacogenetics Patients with variant forms of the gene CYP2D6 (also called simply 2D6) may not receive full benefit from tamoxifen because of too slow metabolism of the tamoxifen prodrug into its active metabolite 4-hydroxytamoxifen.[22][23] On Oct 18, 2006 the Subcommittee for Clinical Pharmacology recommended relabeling tamoxifen to include information about this gene in the package insert.[24] Recent studies suggest that taking SSRI antidepressants such as Paxil, Prozac, etc., can decrease the effectiveness of tamoxifen, because these drugs compete for the CYP2D6 enzyme which is needed to metabolize tamoxifen into the active form endoxifen.
Global sales of tamoxifen in 2001 were $1,024 million.[25] Since the expiration of the patent, it is now widely available as a generic drug around the world.
In the late 1950s, pharmaceutical companies were actively researching a newly discovered class of anti-oestrogen compounds in the hope of developing a morning-after contraceptive pill. Arthur L Walpole was a reproductive endocrinologist who led such a team at the Alderley Park research laboratories of ICI Pharmaceuticals. It was there in 1962 that Dora Richardson first synthesised tamoxifen, known then as ICI-46,474.[26] Walpole and his colleagues filed a UK patent covering this compound in 1962, but patent protection on this compound was repeatedly denied in the US until the 1980s.[27] Tamoxifen did eventually receive marketing approval as a fertility treatment, but the class of compounds never proved useful in human contraception. A link between oestrogen and breast cancer had been known for many years, but cancer treatments were not a corporate priority at the time, and Walpole's personal interests were important in keeping support for the compound alive in the face of this and the lack of patent protection.[1] The first clinical study took place at the Christie Hospital in 1971, and showed a convincing effect in advanced breast cancer,[28] but nevertheless ICI's development programme came close to termination when it was reviewed in 1972. It appears to have been Walpole again who convinced the company to market tamoxifen for late stage breast cancer in 1973.[27] He was also instrumental in funding V. Craig Jordan to work on tamoxifen. Approval in the US followed in 1977, but the drug was competing against other hormonal agents in a relatively small marketplace and was not at this stage either clinically or financially remarkable. 1980 saw the publication of the first trial to show that tamoxifen given in addition to chemotherapy improved survival for patients with early breast cancer.[29] In advanced disease, tamoxifen is now only recognised as effective in oestrogen receptor positive (ER+) patients, but the early trials did not select ER+ patients, and by the mid 1980s the clinical trial picture was not showing a major advantage for tamoxifen. Nevertheless, tamoxifen had a relatively mild side-effect profile, and a number of large trials continued. It was not until 1998 that the meta-analysis of the Oxford based Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group showed definitively that tamoxifen saved lives in early breast cancer.[31] Patent protection in most of the world ran from around 1965. In 1985, around the time this protection was being lost, the unclear position in the US was resolved, awarding Zeneca, as ICI Pharmaceuticals had now become, 17 years of protection there.[27]
Publicado el 11/09/2007 a 10:49
Por tamoxifen
Now click here to order Tamoxifen pills. Only one click away!!! 100% proved and guaranteed results!!!
- What is tamoxifen?
Tamoxifen (Nolvadex®) is a medication in pill form that interferes with the activity of estrogen (a hormone). Tamoxifen has been used for more than 20 years to treat patients with advanced breast cancer. It is used as adjuvant, or additional, therapy following primary treatment for early stage breast cancer. In women at high risk of developing breast cancer, tamoxifen reduces the chance of developing the disease. Tamoxifen continues to be studied for the prevention of breast cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of several other types of cancer. It is important to note that tamoxifen is also used to treat men with breast cancer. - How does tamoxifen work on breast cancer?
Estrogen promotes the growth of breast cancer cells. Tamoxifen works against the effects of estrogen on these cells. It is often called an “anti-estrogen.” As a treatment for breast cancer, the drug slows or stops the growth of cancer cells that are present in the body. As adjuvant therapy, tamoxifen helps prevent the original breast cancer from returning and also helps prevent the development of new cancers in the other breast. - Are there other beneficial effects of tamoxifen?
While tamoxifen acts against the effects of estrogen in breast tissue, it acts like estrogen in other tissue. This means that women who take tamoxifen may derive many of the beneficial effects of menopausal estrogen replacement therapy, such as lower blood cholesterol and slower bone loss (osteoporosis). - Can tamoxifen prevent breast cancer?
Research has shown that when tamoxifen is used as adjuvant therapy for early stage breast cancer, it reduces the risk of recurrence of the original cancer and also reduces the risk of developing new cancers in the other breast. Based on these findings, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) funded a large research study to determine the usefulness of tamoxifen in preventing breast cancer in women who have an increased risk of developing the disease. This study, known as the Breast Cancer Prevention Trial (BCPT), was conducted by the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP), a component of the NCI’s Clinical Trials Cooperative Group Program. This study found a 49 percent reduction in diagnoses of invasive breast cancer among women who took tamoxifen. Women who took tamoxifen also had 50 percent fewer diagnoses of noninvasive breast tumors, such as ductal or lobular carcinoma in situ. However, there are risks associated with tamoxifen. Some are even life threatening. The decision to take tamoxifen is an individual one: The woman and her doctor must carefully consider the benefits and risks of therapy. Women with an increased risk of developing breast cancer have the option to consider taking tamoxifen to reduce their chance of developing this disease. They may also consider participating in the Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (see question 5). At this time, there is no evidence that tamoxifen is beneficial for women who do not have an increased risk of developing breast cancer. - What is the Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR), and how can a woman learn more about it?
The Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) is a clinical trial (a research study conducted with people) designed to see whether the osteoporosis drug raloxifene (Evista®) is more or less effective than tamoxifen in reducing the chance of developing breast cancer in women who are at an increased risk of developing the disease. Raloxifene may have breast cancer risk reduction properties similar to those found in tamoxifen. This study will also examine whether raloxifene has benefits over tamoxifen, such as fewer side effects. The STAR trial, which began in June 1999, is being conducted by the NSABP. It will involve about 22,000 postmenopausal women who are at least 35 years old and are at increased risk for developing breast cancer. Women can learn more about the STAR trial in several ways. They can call NCI’s Cancer Information Service at 1–800–4–CANCER (1–800–422–6237). The number for deaf and hard of hearing callers with TTY equipment is 1–800–332–8615. Information is also available on NSABP’s Web site at http://www.nsabp.pitt.edu or on the Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) Trial Digest Page on the NCI’s Web site at http://www.cancer.gov/star on the Internet. - What are some of the more common side effects of taking tamoxifen?
In general, the side effects of tamoxifen are similar to some of the symptoms of menopause. The most common side effects are hot flashes and vaginal discharge. Some women experience irregular menstrual periods, headaches, fatigue, nausea and/or vomiting, vaginal dryness or itching, irritation of the skin around the vagina, and skin rash. As is the case with menopause, not all women who take tamoxifen have these symptoms. Men who take tamoxifen may experience headaches, nausea and/or vomiting, skin rash, impotence, or a decrease in sexual interest. - Does tamoxifen cause cancers of the uterus?
Tamoxifen increases the risk of two types of cancer that can develop in the uterus: endometrial cancer, which arises in the lining of the uterus, and uterine sarcoma, which arises in the muscular wall of the uterus. Like all cancers, endometrial cancer and uterine sarcoma are potentially life-threatening. Women who have had a hysterectomy (surgery to remove the uterus) and are taking tamoxifen are not at increased risk for these cancers. Endometrial cancer
In the BCPT, women who took tamoxifen had more than twice the chance of developing endometrial cancer compared with women who took a placebo (an inactive substance that looks the same as, and is administered in the same way as, tamoxifen). The risk of endometrial cancer in women taking tamoxifen was in the same range as (or less than) the risk in postmenopausal women taking single-agent estrogen replacement therapy. This risk is about 2 cases of endometrial cancer per 1000 women taking tamoxifen each year. Most of the endometrial cancers that have occurred in women taking tamoxifen have been found in the early stages, and treatment has usually been effective. However, for some breast cancer patients who developed endometrial cancer while taking tamoxifen, the disease was life threatening. Uterine sarcoma
Information collected by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration indicates that women who have used tamoxifen for breast cancer treatment or prevention have an increased risk of developing uterine sarcoma. Review of all the NSABP clinical trials using tamoxifen confirmed an increased risk of this rare cancer. In the BCPT, there are about 2 cases per 10,000 women taking tamoxifen each year. Research to date indicates that uterine sarcomas are more likely to be diagnosed at later stages than endometrial cancers, and may therefore be harder to control and more life-threatening than endometrial cancer. Abnormal vaginal bleeding and lower abdominal (pelvic) pain are symptoms of cancers of the uterus. Women who are taking tamoxifen should talk with their doctor about having regular pelvic examinations, and should be checked promptly if they have any abnormal vaginal bleeding or pelvic pain between scheduled exams. - Does tamoxifen cause blood clots or stroke?
Data from large treatment studies suggest that there is a small increase in the number of blood clots in women taking tamoxifen, particularly in women who are receiving anticancer drugs (chemotherapy) along with tamoxifen. The total number of women who have experienced this side effect is small. The risk of having a blood clot due to tamoxifen is similar to the risk of a blood clot when taking estrogen replacement therapy. Women in the BCPT who took tamoxifen also had an increased chance of developing blood clots and an increased chance of stroke. - Does tamoxifen cause eye problems?
As women age, they are more likely to develop cataracts (a clouding of the lens inside the eye). Women taking tamoxifen appear to be at increased risk for developing cataracts. Other eye problems, such as corneal scarring or retinal changes, have been reported in a few patients. - Does tamoxifen cause other types of cancer?
Although tamoxifen can cause liver cancer in particular strains of rats, it is not known to cause liver cancer in humans. It is clear, however, that tamoxifen can sometimes cause other liver toxicities in patients, which can be severe or life threatening. Doctors may order blood tests from time to time to check liver function. One study suggested a possible increase in cancers of the digestive tract among women receiving tamoxifen for breast cancer. Other trials, including the BCPT, have not shown an association between tamoxifen and these cancers. Studies such as the BCPT show no increase in cancers other than uterine cancer. This potential risk is being evaluated. - Should women taking tamoxifen avoid pregnancy?
Yes. Tamoxifen may make premenopausal women more fertile, but doctors advise women on tamoxifen to avoid pregnancy because animal studies have suggested that the use of tamoxifen in pregnancy can cause fetal harm. Women who have questions about fertility, birth control, or pregnancy should discuss their concerns with their doctor. - Does tamoxifen cause a woman to begin menopause?
Tamoxifen does not cause a woman to begin menopause, although it can cause some symptoms that are similar to those that may occur during menopause. In most premenopausal women taking tamoxifen, the ovaries continue to act normally and produce estrogen in the same or slightly increased amounts. - Do the benefits of tamoxifen in treating breast cancer outweigh its risks?
The benefits of tamoxifen as a treatment for breast cancer are firmly established and far outweigh the potential risks. Patients who are concerned about the risks and benefits of tamoxifen or any other medications are encouraged to discuss these concerns with their doctor. - How long should a patient take tamoxifen for the treatment of breast cancer?
Patients with advanced breast cancer may take tamoxifen for varying lengths of time, depending on their response to this treatment and other factors. When used as adjuvant therapy for early stage breast cancer, tamoxifen is generally prescribed for 5 years. However, the ideal length of treatment with tamoxifen is not known. Two studies have confirmed the benefit of taking adjuvant tamoxifen daily for 5 years. These studies compared 5 years of treatment with tamoxifen with 10 years of treatment. When taken for 5 years, the drug reduces the risk of recurrence of the original breast cancer and also reduces the risk of developing a second primary cancer in the other breast. Taking tamoxifen for longer than 5 years is not more effective than 5 years of therapy.
Publicado el 11/09/2007 a 10:45
Por tamoxifen
Now click here to order Tamoxifen pills. Only one click away!!! 100% proved and guaranteed results!!!
The NSABP Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) P-2 Trial Victor G. Vogel, MD, MHS; Joseph P. Costantino, DrPH; D. Lawrence Wickerham, MD; Walter M. Cronin, MPH; Reena S. Cecchini, MS; James N. Atkins, MD; Therese B. Bevers, MD; Louis Fehrenbacher, MD; Eduardo R. Pajon Jr, MD; James L. Wade III, MD; André Robidoux, MD; Richard G. Margolese, MD, CM; Joan James, PA-C; Scott M. Lippman, MD; Carolyn D. Runowicz, MD; Patricia A. Ganz, MD; Steven E. Reis, MD; Worta McCaskill-Stevens, MD; Leslie G. Ford, MD; V. Craig Jordan, PhD, DSc; Norman Wolmark, MD; for the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP)
JAMA. 2006;295:2727-2741. Published online June 5, 2006 (doi:10.1001/jama.295.23.joc60074). Context Tamoxifen is approved for the reduction of breast cancer risk, and raloxifene has demonstrated a reduced risk of breast cancer in trials of older women with osteoporosis. Objective To compare the relative effects and safety of raloxifene and tamoxifen on the risk of developing invasive breast cancer and other disease outcomes. Design, Setting, and Patients The National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene trial, a prospective, double-blind, randomized clinical trial conducted beginning July 1, 1999, in nearly 200 clinical centers throughout North America, with final analysis initiated after at least 327 incident invasive breast cancers were diagnosed. Patients were 19 747 postmenopausal women of mean age 58.5 years with increased 5-year breast cancer risk (mean risk, 4.03% [SD, 2.17%]). Data reported are based on a cutoff date of December 31, 2005. Intervention Oral tamoxifen (20 mg/d) or raloxifene (60 mg/d) over 5 years. Main Outcome Measures Incidence of invasive breast cancer, uterine cancer, noninvasive breast cancer, bone fractures, thromboembolic events. Results There were 163 cases of invasive breast cancer in women assigned to tamoxifen and 168 in those assigned to raloxifene (incidence, 4.30 per 1000 vs 4.41 per 1000; risk ratio [RR], 1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.82-1.28). There were fewer cases of noninvasive breast cancer in the tamoxifen group (57 cases) than in the raloxifene group (80 cases) (incidence, 1.51 vs 2.11 per 1000; RR, 1.40; 95% CI, 0.98-2.00). There were 36 cases of uterine cancer with tamoxifen and 23 with raloxifene (RR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.35-1.08). No differences were found for other invasive cancer sites, for ischemic heart disease events, or for stroke. Thromboembolic events occurred less often in the raloxifene group (RR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.54-0.91). The number of osteoporotic fractures in the groups was similar. There were fewer cataracts (RR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.68-0.92) and cataract surgeries (RR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.68-0.99) in the women taking raloxifene. There was no difference in the total number of deaths (101 vs 96 for tamoxifen vs raloxifene) or in causes of death. Conclusions Raloxifene is as effective as tamoxifen in reducing the risk of invasive breast cancer and has a lower risk of thromboembolic events and cataracts but a nonstatistically significant higher risk of noninvasive breast cancer. The risk of other cancers, fractures, ischemic heart disease, and stroke is similar for both drugs. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00003906
Author Affiliations: Magee-Womens Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (Dr Vogel) and Graduate School of Public Health (Dr Costantino), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa; National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) Operations and Biostatistical Centers, Pittsburgh (Drs Costantino, Wickerham, and Wolmark and Mr Cronin and Ms Cecchini); Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh (Drs Wickerham and Wolmark); Southeast Cancer Control Consortium, Winston-Salem, NC (Dr Atkins); University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Drs Bevers and Lippman); Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Vallejo (Dr Fehrenbacher); Colorado CCOP, Denver Veterans Medical Center, Denver (Dr Pajon); Central Illinois CCOP, Decatur (Dr Wade); Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec (Dr Robidoux); Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal (Dr Margolese); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pa (Ms James and Dr Jordan); University of Connecticut Health Center, Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center, Farmington (Dr Runowicz); UCLA Schools of Public Health and Medicine and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, Calif (Dr Ganz); University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (Dr Reis); and National Cancer Institute/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (Drs McCaskill-Stevens and Ford).
Publicado el 11/09/2007 a 10:42
Por tamoxifen
Now click here to order Tamoxifen pills. Only one click away!!! 100% proved and guaranteed results!!!
Tamoxifen, a drug commonly prescribed to prevent breast cancer recurrence, may cause swelling within the eyes, U.S. researchers conclude. Tamoxifen is one of two types of drugs often used to prevent breast cancer recurrence. Tamoxifen blocks estrogen receptors in the breast, while new types of medications, called aromatase inhibitors, inhibit estrogen production, according to background information in the study. a depression inside the eye close to where the optic nerve exits on its way to the brain -- in three groups of women: those taking tamoxifen; those taking an aromatase inhibitor; and those with no history of breast cancer who weren't using any kind of hormonal medication. The researchers noted that the women taking tamoxifen had an average optic cup volume that was less than half that of women in the other two groups. This reduction in volume is most likely due to swelling, the study authors said.
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